The main choke points would be the level of complexity involved in manufacturing big ticket items like jets, tanks, etc. An auto plant could be pretty easily switched over to making Humvees (even up armored ones) instead of passenger cars, but making more M1 tanks would require a massive retooling and redesign effort to just get the facilities suitable for it, even before encountering any additional complications getting components, etc.
I do think the powers that be would un-mothball all the military production facilities available (if memory serves me correctly there were a couple plants for tank production and some ammunition producing arsenals kept in standby mode for just such an eventuality).
I don't know if there was much Cold War era ability to surge aircraft production, but I'd guess there'd be round the clock shifts pulling stuff out of the boneyard in Arizona to replace combat losses.
Once the nukes fly and the massive reduction in fuel distribution takes the food distro networks and most everything else with it, I don't think you'd see much above the local level -- even when government control is retained in a fairly broad area, the odds of having everything you need in one cantonment/area is pretty slim (remembering how defense contractors prudently spread production out among as many politically significant states as possible to keep Congressional delegations fighting for their programs and such). Anything much beyond the level of what you can accomplish with a well equipped machine shop is probably unlikely, but that still means that governments could be cranking out things like mortars, SMGs, rifles, uparmor kits for military and civilian vehicles, etc., pretty easily.
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