As Webstral as so clearly indicated, there's a lot more than just population numbers involved. Each and every settlement, or area, needs to be approached on a case by case basis. Some useful skills may be in higher supply than others (blacksmithing in rural areas for example or electronics in urban settings) which will directly impact on what can be produced.
Yes, food and surplus production is very much a factor, but in my mind it's just one out of hundred, thousands or even millions of factors. There cannot be a simple X number of people equals Y tech level.
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