As far as the U.S. Army goes, once you are in the evil clutches of the recruiter, you can request any MOS that you wish. But as the recruiter will tell you, the needs of the service will determine what MOS you will be "selected" for.
When I enlisted in the green machine, I was trying for an Intelligence MOS, but Infantry was in dire need for warm bodies and I was advised that an 11B I would be, unless I choose an MOS with a higher priority, hence my career as a 19D/19E/19K.
In a wartime scenario, the needs of the service will decide where you go, Airdales, Cannon Cockers; Bush Beaters, Belly Robbers etc. will have first call.
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The reason that the American Army does so well in wartime, is that war is chaos, and the American Army practices chaos on a daily basis.
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