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What effects would this have on the geography after TEOTWAWKI?
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VEI 8+, right?
Have a look at
http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2005/3024/
(from one of the links at the wiki entry for supervolcano):
Scroll down to
'PREHISTORIC CALDERA-FORMING ERUPTIONS OF YELLOWSTONE'
and look at the map.
Huckleberry Creek/Lava Ridge ash beds are VEI 8 size. They range from California to Louisiana and stretch up into Minnesota and southern Canada.
Now those ash beds are several feet (metres) deep at their *edges*.
Closer in to the volcano, the ash gets thicker, and there's more rock and molten material. Then you get to the caldera, which in Yellowstone's case is about 34 miles (55 km) by 45 miles (72 km).
How much of that will be molten rock is unclear. Certainly it's going to be difficult to get close to the caldera without special equipment (heat, toxic gases).
The rest of the continental US and much of southern Canada is going to be blanketed with ash falls, depending on prevailing winds.
The global effects are limited by the amount of stratospheric dust injection and the sulphate load (cooling aerosol)...